doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(94)90194-5, Khaledi, N., and Taheri, P. (2016). Among these are fields that study aspects of whole genomes, collectively referred to as whole-genome methods. 83, 277281. However, studies have shown that most of the microorganisms isolated from the reactors are still unexplored (e.g., Krause et al., 2008; Figure 2) and may be a source for new products and services in the future. Recent advances in microbial biotechnology can help further increase the use of microorganisms in the food industry. These studies indicate that the tree of life may continue to grow in the future. (2013). The need of new antibiotics. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.016, Berg, P., and Mertz, J. E. (2010). Rev. Heavy metal biosorption by chitin and chitosan isolated from Cunninghamella elegans (IFM 46109). Nucleic Acid Res. doi: 10.7363/040253, Borneman, A. R., Schmidt, S. A., and Pretorius, I. S. (2013). Compounds involved in stress tolerance in yeasts, such as proline and trehalose, are promising for the development of resistant strains (Takagi and Shima, 2015). Curr. (2001). Symbiotic microorganisms such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria develop activities that can improve plant fitness, facilitating nutrient acquisition by the plant. Biol. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.24.11478, Gabriele, M., Gerardi, C., Longo, V., Lucejko, J., Degano, I., Pucci, L., et al. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. 151, 684691. Microbiol. Rev. J. Pharm. Rend. 13, 655672. Besides, new techniques with better sensibility and reduced costs are required to study and the understanding of the microbes. Inactivated vaccines, which are classified as whole or fractionated, contain completely inactivated or fractionated pathogens or only antigenic components of these pathogens (including subunit vaccines, toxoid vaccines, carbohydrate vaccines, and conjugate vaccines). Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. 2, 854858. Microbial genetics and Molecular biology - nature of genetic information and how it regulated the development and function of cells and organisms. Rev. Copyright 2017 Vitorino and Bessa. (2016). Med. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.053, Khl, L., Lukasiewicz, C. E., and van der Heijden, M. G. A. A. P. Rauter (Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry), 227258. doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2006.08.001, Tiquia, S. M., Wan, H. C., and Tam, N. F. Y. Biotechnol. (2016). Endophytic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae and C. gloeosporioides (Gangadevi and Muthumary, 2008; Liu et al., 2009) were found to be efficient in the synthesis of Taxol, being a viable alternative to obtain this antineoplastic. Front. The use of viral promoters enhances gene expression and improves mRNA stability related to antigen synthesis. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.07.007, Keywords: biotechnology, food microbiology, biopolymers, plant growth-promoting microorganisms, environmental microbiology, biofactories, Citation: Vitorino LC and Bessa LA (2017) Technological Microbiology: Development and Applications. Genomic expansion of domain Archaea highlights roles for organisms from new phyla in anaerobic carbon cycling. 120, 15741584. Investigation of functional selenium nanoparticles as potent antimicrobial agents against superbugs. Plant Dis. doi: 10.1017/S0003598X00094837, Valli, M., Sauer, M., Branduardi, P., Borth, N., Porro, D., and Mattanovich, D. (2006). Anal. (2011). doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2007.11.022. 19, 627662. Novel predominant archaeal and bacterial groups revealed by molecular analysis of an anaerobic sludge digester. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-29573-2_13, Khor, E., and Lim, L. Y. Front. J. Membr. J. Med. 37, 815. Since the 1970s, there has been a veritable explosion in scientists ability to manipulate DNA in ways that have revolutionized the fields of biology, medicine, diagnostics, forensics, and industrial manufacturing. HPV prophylactic vaccines and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women. 1. Sci. -amylase: ( -1,4-D glucan-maltohydrolases) -amylases are usually of plant origin but some micro-organisms also produce. Human papillomavirus and HPV vaccines: a review. Catal. Nat. Another up-and-coming clinical application of genomics and transcriptomics is pharmacogenomics, also called toxicogenomics, which involves evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drugs on the basis of information from an individual's genomic sequence. Alginate is a polysaccharide synthesized by several genera of brown algae and two genera of bacteria: Pseudomonas and Azotobacter (Hay et al., 2013; Maleki et al., 2016). (2016). CPR bacteria have small genomes and unusual ribosomal compositions, in addition to lacking numerous biosynthetic pathways (Brown et al., 2015), whereas DPANN has been defined as a function of the metabolic capacity (Rinke et al., 2013; Castelle et al., 2015). Probiotics are living microorganisms that have been linked to host health benefits (Gawkowski and Chikindas, 2016). Marker expression generates signals that may indicate the presence and concentration of analytes (biosensors). The main applications of fungi, bacteria, and viruses for obtaining new or improved products. Biosensors integrate microorganisms with a physical transducer to generate a measurable signal proportional to the concentration of analytes, allowing rapid and accurate detection of analysis targets in diverse fields such as medicine, environmental monitoring, food processing, and others (DSouza, 2001; Paitan et al., 2003; Lei et al., 2006; Su et al., 2011). J. Appl. 88, 4552. This enzyme applied in various industries including food, biofuel detergents and animal feed. Pochanavanich, P., and Suntornsuk, W. (2002). 133, 458460. 23, 353361. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1112477, Cutts, F. T., Franceschi, S., Goldie, S., Castellsague, X., de Sanjose, S., Garnett, G., et al. Explain how microorganisms can be engineered to produce vaccines. (2011). 29, 439444. Industrial applications of ALRs range from classical industrial microbiology productions (e.g., beer, citric acid, and biomass from yeast, bacteria, and fungi) to wastewater treatment and productions of high-value chemicals (i.e., antibiotic, enzyme, and protein) in reactor sizes up to 1500 m 3. (2005). doi: 10.4161/mabs.3.2.14785, Becker, P. D., Noerder, M., and Guzmn, C. A. Production of recombinant proteins by microbes and higher organisms. Aff. Util. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.02.025, Smith, H. O., and Nathans, D. (1973). Thus, these vaccines often require the co-administration of efficient adjuvants to activate and modulate immune responses (Reed et al., 2009; Schmidt et al., 2016). First, acting as starters in fermentations (in this case, GMOs or engineered microorganisms are not allowed). U.S.A. 101, 1759317598. Recombinant vaccines are not yet available clinically but are quite promising. This bacterium synthesizes protein crystals that, when consumed by Aedes larvae, solubilize in the mosquitos intestine and are transformed into efficient toxins that damage the intestinal wall, allowing the attack of pathogenic bacteria that cause the death of the larva. Biotransformation of benzo[a] pyrene in bench scale reactor using laccase of Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. Intell. Molecular biology will generate new manufacturing capabilities for synthetic biology-based products that will bring major benefits. 29, 930939. Bajaj, M., Schmidt, S., and Winter, J. Biochem. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1153447, Oliveira, R. S., Rocha, I., Ma, Y., Vostka, M., and Freitas, H. (2016b). doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90152-6. The metagenome of a biogas-producing microbial community of a production-scale biogas plant fermenter analysed by the 454-pyrosequencing technology. Comparison between the possibilities generated by Classical Microbiology and Technological Microbiology, where the incorporation of techniques has led to market novelties, as well as to the improvement of commonly used products and services. Selection of -lyase-producing yeasts improves aromatic thiol release and, consequently, the sensory properties of wines (Belda et al., 2016), whereas the selection of yeasts specializing in certain processes such as flocculation may improve the fermentation of special wines such as sparkling wines (Tofalo et al., 2016). The prospection of lactic acid bacteria present in products fermented with various cultures (e.g., Satish et al., 2013; Mokoena et al., 2016) has created new sources of probiotics and the discovery of strains that can improve the quality of fermented products. These endotoxins are synthesized by the soil bacterium B. thuringiensis (Bt) and have an entomopathogenic action, controlling the pests present in cabbage, potato, and grains (Sarwar, 2015a). 40, 20162020. J. Environ. doi: 10.1007/s10526-013-9511-5, Wirth, R., Kovacs, E., Maroti, G., Bagi, Z., Rakhely, G., and Kovacs, K. L. (2012). doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00026-7, Kim, H. J., Lim, J. W., Jeong, H., Lee, S.-J., Lee, D.-W., Kim, T., et al. Appl. Genetics :- Science of heredity study of what genes are, how they carry info, how they are replicated, and how expression of the info determines characteristics of the organism. (2009). This alternative has been successfully applied in several regions of the world (e.g., Mohiddin et al., 2016; Setha et al., 2016), and many Bti-based commercial products have been introduced to the market, although some strains of A. aegypti have already shown resistance to Bt toxins (Paris et al., 2011, 2012; Wu et al., 2016). Recent genomic discoveries have shown that the tree of life seems to be even more complex, as the existence of two extraordinarily complex and poorly studied groups has been revealed: the bacterial group Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) and the Archaea superphylum DPANN (Spang and Ettema, 2016). Microbial biosensors: a review. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.011, Borghesi, A., and Stronati, M. (2015). Fortunately, Kayla recovered fully within a few weeks and did not suffer from the long-term symptoms of post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS), which affects 1020% of Lyme disease patients. Limited research results, inappropriate prescription of antibiotics, and misuse of antibiotics by the general population have threatened antibiotic potency and increased the occurrence of superbugs, i.e., microorganisms that appear at an alarming rate and are resistant to most or all clinical antibiotics in use (Srivastava et al., 2011). Microbial enzymes have replaced many plant and animal enzymes. (2016). (2016). J. Eng. (2016). doi: 10.1534/genetics.109.112144, Bharadwaj, S., Mitchell, R. J., Qureshi, A., and Niazi, J. H. (2017). For example, at one time, it was possible to treat diabetes only by giving patients pig insulin, which caused allergic reactions due to small differences between the proteins expressed in human and pig insulin. Vaccine 15, 785787. B. Systematic Review of the Non-Specific Effects of BCG, DTP and Measles Containing Vaccines. 21, 502507. Genetic ManipulationsApplications in Therapy. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are an alternative to the application of chemical fertilizer in the production of the medicinal and aromatic plant Coriandrum sativum L. J. Toxicol. (2011). Microorganisms have also been potentially explored for the production of a new generation of biofuels (Liao et al., 2016). Despite this poor reactogenicity, subunit vaccines have been developed against a variety of pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, hepatitis B virus, and HPV. (2007). Non-dairy probiotic beverages: the next step into human health. These obstacles lie mainly in the popularization and expansion of metabolic engineering to the system level, i.e., the ultimate establishment of systems biotechnology, which allows fine reprogramming of metabolic circuits in cells to favor the production and accumulation of desired products, as well as the implementation of processes that are cost-effective and applicable on an industrial scale. , M. 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